1. Nchịkọta
Ụdị mmepụta compost organic ọ bụla tozuru oke ga-agarịrị na usoro ịgba ụka compoting.Composting bụ usoro nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emebi ma na-edozi ya site na microorganisms n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ iji mepụta ngwaahịa kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji ala mee ihe.
Composting, usoro ochie na dị mfe nke ịgwọ ahịhịa ahịhịa na ime fatịlaịza, dọtara mmasị nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ mba n'ihi mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi ya, ọ na-ewetakwa uru na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ.A kọwo na a pụrụ ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị na-ebute ala site na iji compost rere ure dị ka ihe ọkụkụ.Mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu nke usoro nhazi, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria na-emegide ya nwere ike iru n'ọkwa dị elu, ọ dịghị mfe ire ere, kwụsie ike ma dị mfe ihe ọkụkụ.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, omume nke microorganisms nwere ike ibelata nsị nke ọla dị arọ n'ụdị ụfọdụ.Enwere ike ịhụ na compoting bụ ụzọ dị mfe ma dị irè iji mepụta fatịlaịza bio-organic, nke bara uru maka mmepe nke ọrụ ubi.
Kedu ihe kpatara compost ji arụ ọrụ dị ka nke a?Nke a bụ nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụkpụrụ nke composting:
2. Ụkpụrụ nke organic compost gbaa ụka
2.1 Ntughari nke ihe ndi ozo n'oge compost
The mgbanwe nke organic okwu na compost n'okpuru omume nke microorganisms nwere ike ichikota abụọ usoro: otu bụ mineralization nke organic okwu, ya bụ, decomposition nke mgbagwoju organic okwu n'ime mfe bekee, nke ọzọ bụ iweda ala usoro nke organic okwu. ya bụ, ire ere na njikọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emepụta ihe dị mgbagwoju anya pụrụ iche-humus.A na-eme usoro abụọ a n'otu oge mana n'akụkụ nke ọzọ.N'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche, ike nke usoro ọ bụla dị iche iche.
2.1.1 Mineralization nke organic okwu
- Nbibi nke ihe organic na-enweghị nitrogen
Ogige polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, hemicellulose) na-ebu ụzọ mee ka ọ bụrụ monosaccharides site na enzymes hydrolytic nke microorganisms zoro ezo.Ngwaahịa ndị dị n'etiti dị ka mmanya, acetic acid, na oxalic acid adịghị mfe ịgbakọ, ma mesịa mepụta CO₂ na H₂O, ma wepụta ọtụtụ ike okpomọkụ.Ọ bụrụ na ventilashị ahụ dị njọ, n'okpuru ọrụ nke microbes, monosaccharide ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaze, na-emepụta obere okpomọkụ, na-akwakọba ụfọdụ ngwaahịa etiti-organic acid.N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke microorganisms na-egbochi gas, enwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị dị ka CH₄ na H₂.
- Nbibi sitere na ihe organic nwere nitrogen
Ihe ndị nwere nitrogen nwere na compost gụnyere protein, amino acids, alkaloids, hummus, na ndị ọzọ.Ewezuga humus, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adị mfe ire ere.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, protein, n'okpuru ọrụ nke protease nke microorganism zoro ezo, na-eweda nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ, na-emepụta amino acid dị iche iche, wee mepụta nnu ammonium na nitrate n'otu n'otu site na amoniation na nitration, nke osisi nwere ike ịmịnye ma jiri ya mee ihe.
- Mgbanwe nke ogige organic nwere phosphorus na compost
N'okpuru ihe dị iche iche nke saprophytic microorganisms, na-emepụta phosphoric acid, nke na-aghọ ihe na-edozi ahụ nke osisi nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma jiri ya mee ihe.
- Ntughari nke sọlfọ-nwere organic okwu
Sulfur nwere organic okwu na compost, site na ọrụ nke microorganisms na-emepụta hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide dị mfe ịgbakọ na gburugburu ikuku na-adịghị amasị ya, ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu nye ihe ọkụkụ na microorganisms.Ma n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku nke ọma, hydrogen sulfide bụ oxidized na sulfuric acid n'okpuru omume nke nje bacteria na-emeghachi omume na isi nke compost na-emepụta sulfate, nke na-abụghị nanị na-ewepụ nsị nke hydrogen sulfide, ma ghọọ sọlfọ nri nke osisi nwere ike ịmịkọrọ.N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ventilashion na-adịghị mma, sulfation mere, nke mere ka H₂ furu efu ma mebie osisi ahụ.N'ime usoro ịgba ụka compost, enwere ike imezi ikuku nke compost site n'ịtụgharị compost mgbe niile, yabụ enwere ike ikpochapụ ihe mgbochi sọlfọ.
- Ntughari nke lipids na ogige organic aromatic
Dị ka tannin na resin, dị mgbagwoju anya na ngwa ngwa ire ere, na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ bụkwa CO₂ na mmiri Lignin bụ ogige organic siri ike nke nwere ihe ọkụkụ (dị ka ogbugbo, sawdust, wdg) na composting.Ọ na-esi nnọọ ike ire ere n'ihi nhazi ya dị mgbagwoju anya na nucleus aromatic.N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ezigbo ventilashion, a pụrụ ịgbanwe oghere aromatic ka ọ bụrụ ogige quinoid site na omume nke fungi na Actinomycetes, nke bụ otu n'ime akụrụngwa maka resynthesis nke humus.N'ezie, a ga-anọgide na-agbaji ihe ndị a n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.
Na nchịkọta, ịnweta mineral nke ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe ndị mejupụtara nwere ike inye nri na-eme ngwa ngwa maka ihe ọkụkụ na microorganisms, na-enye ume maka ọrụ microbial, na ịkwadebe ihe ndị bụ isi maka iweda ihe ndị dị n'ime ala.Mgbe composting na-achịkwa microorganisms aerobic, ihe organic ngwa ngwa mineralizes na-emepụtakwu carbon dioxide, mmiri, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ, decomposes ngwa ngwa na nke ọma, ma na-ahapụ ọtụtụ okpomọkụ ume Nrekere nke organic okwu na-adị nwayọọ na mgbe ezughị ezu, na-ahapụ obere. ike okpomọkụ, na ngwaahịa ire ere na mgbakwunye na nri osisi, ọ dị mfe ịkwakọba organic acids na reductive bekee dị ka CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, wdg.Ya mere, a na-ezubere ntinye nke compost n'oge gbaa ụka iji gbanwee ụdị ọrụ microbial iji kpochapụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ.
2.1.2 Humification nke organic okwu
Enwere ọtụtụ echiche gbasara nguzobe humus, nke enwere ike kewaa ya ụzọ abụọ: ọkwa nke mbụ, mgbe ihe ndị dị ndụ na-akụrisị wee mepụta akụrụngwa nke mejupụtara ụmụ irighiri humus, na nke abụọ, polyphenol bụ oxidized na quinone. site na Polyphenol oxidase zoro ezo site na microorganism, mgbe ahụ, quinone na-ejikọta ya na amino acid ma ọ bụ peptide iji mepụta humus monomer.N'ihi na phenol, quinine, amino acid dị iche iche, condensation ibe ya abụghị otu ụzọ, yabụ nguzobe nke humus monomer dịkwa iche iche.N'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche, monomers ndị a na-agbakọbawanye ka ha mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ nke nha dị iche iche.
2.2 Ntughari nke ọla dị arọ n'oge nhazi
Sludge nke ime obodo bụ otu n'ime akụrụngwa kachasị mma maka compost na gbaa ụka n'ihi na ọ nwere ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ maka itolite ihe ọkụkụ.Ma sludge nke ime obodo na-enwekarị ọla dị arọ, ọla ndị a dị arọ na-ezokarị mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, na ndị ọzọ.Microorganisms, karịsịa nje bacteria na fungi, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na biotransformation nke ọla dị arọ.Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ microorganisms nwere ike ịgbanwe ọnụnọ nke ọla dị arọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mee ka kemịkal na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ tinye uche na ọla dị arọ, ma na-agbakọta site na agbụ nri.Mana ụfọdụ ụmụ nje nwere ike inye aka melite gburugburu ebe obibi site n'iwepụ ọla dị arọ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na omume ozugbo na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè.Mgbanwe microbial nke HG gụnyere akụkụ atọ, ntụgharị methylation nke mercury inorganic (Hg₂+), mbelata mercury inorganic (Hg₂+) gaa na HG0, ire ere, na mbelata methylmercury na ogige mercury organic ndị ọzọ na HG0.Ihe microorganisms ndị a nwere ike ịtụgharị inorganic na organic mercury ka ọ bụrụ elemental mercury ka a na-akpọ microorganisms na-eguzogide mercury.Ọ bụ ezie na microorganisms enweghị ike iweda ọla dị arọ, ha nwere ike ibelata nsị nke ọla dị arọ site na ịchịkwa ụzọ mgbanwe ha.
2.3 Composting na gbaa ụka usoro
Compost bụ ụdị nkwụsi ike n'efu, mana ọ chọrọ iru mmiri pụrụ iche, ọnọdụ ikuku, na microorganisms iji mepụta okpomọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị.A na-eche na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu karịa 45 Celsius (ihe dị ka 113 degrees Fahrenheit), na-eme ka ọ dị elu iji mee ka ọrịa nje kwụsị ma gbuo mkpụrụ osisi.Ọnụego ire ere nke ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ihe ndị dị ndụ mgbe ijikọta ezi uche dị na ya dị ala, dịtụ kwụsiri ike ma dị mfe osisi na-amịkọrọ ya.Enwere ike ibelata isi ísì mgbe e mechachara ya.
Usoro comppost na-agụnye ọtụtụ ụdị microorganisms dị iche iche.N'ihi mgbanwe nke akụrụngwa na ọnọdụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganisms dị iche iche na-agbanwekwa mgbe niile, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị microorganisms na-achịkwa usoro nhazi.Gburugburu ebe obibi ọ bụla nwere obodo microbial nke ya, na ụdị dị iche iche nke microbial na-enyere compoting aka izere ndakpọ sistemụ ọbụlagodi mgbe ọnọdụ mpụga gbanwere.
A na-eme usoro nhazi nke ọma site na microorganisms, nke bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmiri sie ike.Ụmụ nje ndị na-etinye aka na compost na-abịa site na isi mmalite abụọ: ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ nje ndị dịlarị na nsị organic, na inoculum microbial artificial.N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, eriri ndị a nwere ikike siri ike ịmebi ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu organic ma nwee njirimara nke ọrụ siri ike, mgbasa ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke nwere ike ime ka usoro nhazi ahụ dị ngwa, na-ebelata oge mmeghachi omume composting.
A na-ekewakarị compoting ka ọ bụrụ compposting ikuku na compoting anaerobic ụdị abụọ.Aerobic composting bụ nbibi usoro nke organic ihe n'okpuru aerobic ọnọdụ, na metabolic ngwaahịa bụ tumadi carbon dioxide, mmiri, na okpomọkụ;Anaerobic composting bụ usoro ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ anaerobic, metabolites ikpeazụ nke ire ere anaerobic bụ methane, carbon dioxide na ọtụtụ etiti dị ala dị ala, dị ka acids organic.
Ụdị microbial bụ isi na-etinye aka na nhazi nhazi bụ nje bacteria, fungi, na actinomycetes.Ụdị microorganisms atọ a niile nwere nje bacteria mesophilic na nje bacteria hyperthermophilic.
N'oge usoro compoting, ndị microbial bi na-agbanwe ọzọ dị ka ndị a: obere na ọkara okpomọkụ microbial obodo gbanwere na-ajụ na elu okpomọkụ microbial obodo, na ọkara na elu okpomọkụ microbial obodo gbanwere na-ajụ na obere okpomọkụ microbial obodo.Site na ịgbatị oge composting, nje bacteria na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, actinomycetes ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, na ebu na yist na njedebe nke composting na-ebelata nke ukwuu.
Enwere ike kewaa usoro ịgba ụka nke compost organic n'ime usoro anọ:
2.3.1 N'oge okpomọkụ ogbo
N'oge mmalite nke compoting, microorganisms dị na compost na-abụkarị nke okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma na ikuku dị mma, nke kachasị n'ime ha bụ nje bacteria na-adịghị spore, nje bacteria spore, na ebu.Ha na-amalite gbaa ụka usoro nke compost, na decompose organic okwu (dị ka mfe sugar, starch, protein, wdg) vigorously n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ezigbo ikuku, na-amị a otutu okpomọkụ na nọgidere na-ebuli okpomọkụ nke compost, ịrị elu si. Ihe dị ka 20 Celsius C (ihe dị ka 68 degrees Fahrenheit) ruo 40 Celsius C (ihe dịka 104 degrees Fahrenheit) ka a na-akpọ ọkwa febrile, ma ọ bụ ọkwa okpomọkụ nke etiti.
2.3.2 N'oge okpomọkụ dị elu
Ụmụ nje ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eweghara ụdị ndị ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu, na-emekarị karịa 50 Celsius (ihe dịka 122 degrees Fahrenheit) n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, n'ime oge okpomọkụ.N'oge okpomọkụ dị elu, ezigbo ọkụ actinomycetes na ezigbo ero ọkụ na-aghọ ụdị isi.Ha na-agbaji ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na compost, dị ka cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, na ndị ọzọ.Okpomọkụ na-ebuli elu na compost okpomọkụ na-arịgo ruo 60 Celsius (ihe dịka 140 degrees Fahrenheit), nke a dị ezigbo mkpa iji mee ka usoro nhazi ahụ dị ngwa.Na-ekwesịghị ekwesị composting nke compost, naanị a nnọọ mkpụmkpụ elu-okpomọkụ oge, ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị elu okpomọkụ, ya mere nnọọ ngwa ngwa ntozu okè, na ọkara otu afọ ma ọ bụ karịa oge bụ ọkara tozuru okè ala.
2.3.3 N'oge oge jụrụ oyi
Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị n'oge okpomọkụ dị elu, ọtụtụ n'ime cellulose, hemicellulose, na pectin emebiwo, na-ahapụ n'azụ ihe mgbagwoju anya siri ike (dịka lignin) na humus e mere ọhụrụ, ọrụ nke obere ihe na-ebelata. na okpomọkụ nke nta nke nta belata.Mgbe okpomọkụ dara n'okpuru 40 Celsius (ihe dị ka 104 degrees Fahrenheit), microorganisms mesophilic na-aghọ ụdị kachasị.
Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ jụrụ oyi na-abịa n'oge, ọnọdụ compoting adịghị mma na ire ere nke ihe ọkụkụ ezughị ezu.N'ebe a nwere ike gbanwee ikpo, ikpokọta ihe eji eme ihe, nke mere na ọ na-emepụta ikpo ọkụ nke abụọ, kpo oku, iji kwalite composting.
2.3.4 Ogbo nchekwa fatịlaịza
Mgbe compost gasịrị, olu na-ebelata na okpomọkụ nke compost na-adaba na ntakịrị elu karịa okpomọkụ nke ikuku, mgbe ahụ, a ga-agbanye compost ahụ nke ọma, na-eme ka ọnọdụ anaerobic na-ebelata ma na-ebelata mineralization nke organic okwu, iji mee ka fatịlaịza.
Na nkenke, usoro gbaa ụka nke organic compost bụ usoro nke microbial metabolism na mmeputakwa.Usoro nke microbial metabolism bụ usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.Nbibi nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ike, nke na-eme ka usoro composting, na-ebuli okpomọkụ, ma mee ka mkpụrụ mmiri dị mmiri kpoo.
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Oge nzipu: Eprel-11-2022